Key Takeaways

• On-chain reputation solutions strengthen user-owned credentials, integrate fragmented reputations, and enable flexible utilization across diverse platforms.
• On-chain reputation solutions can serve not only as a means to reinforce individual identity but also as refined benchmarks for various projects, indicating limitless potential.

1. Introduction

Reputation serves as a fundamental layer for interactions across various facets of our lives. Historically, it has functioned as a sort of “lens” through which individuals, organizations, or products are perceived, and it has long been regarded as a critical factor in determining the quality and diversity of interactions—from personal social relationships to business transactions.

Moreover, as AI continues to advance and digital interactions become more complex, the rise of the content and creator economies is highlighting the significance of personal branding. Consequently, the value of reputation—once primarily focused on corporations or products—has now extended to individuals and smaller groups.

Reputation/credential solutions provide rich context to user-owned credentials, aggregate fragmented reputations in a holistic manner, and allow users to publish or display their reputations in personalized ways across diverse platforms.

This paves the way for a future where people can present themselves more authentically across all spaces spanning Web2 and Web3, enabling richer interactions with a variety of other entities.

2. Use Cases

2.1 New Marketing Channels & Loyalty Programs

Since the advent of the internet, numerous web services have emerged, but social media platforms have arguably seen the most explosive growth. Although they began simply as a way to connect people, social media platforms have now evolved into a major hub for information discovery and one of the most powerful marketing channels. This evolution was driven by how social media spaces have transformed into increasingly complex environments supporting a wide range of interactions, leading to an accumulation of varied user data. Companies have leveraged this data to better identify individual users.

In a similar vein, if reputation solutions—which let users conduct diverse activities that can be reliably identified—gain widespread adoption, businesses will be able to categorize individuals in far more nuanced contexts than ever before. This would allow them to use reputation data more actively as an advanced marketing or CRM (customer relationship management) resource.

2.2 Financial Democratization in the DeFi Market

At present, most lending platforms on the blockchain rely heavily on over-collateralized lending. Although this method helps prevent excessive liquidation cases within and beyond a given protocol, it significantly compromises capital efficiency and limits lending opportunities for those with fewer assets - traditional financial systems somewhat address inclusivity by quantifying credit scores, but on-chain environments have struggled to define the core components that comprise a credit score, making similar approaches difficult to implement.

Hence, to further the financial democratization that DeFi set out to achieve, there is a need to offer financial benefits to a broader range of individuals by integrating personal data (e.g., credit information) beyond a simple account balance. Solutions like Web3 reputation credentials can provide the multifaceted data needed to thoroughly identify and describe individuals in a more holistic manner.

2.3 Structuring DAO Governance

Decentralized governance is another prominent blockchain use case. However, under the current Proof-of-Stake (PoS) paradigm, token-based on-chain governance faces concerns about the potential for plutocracy, which can impede organizational growth. Although various methodologies (e.g., Quadratic Voting, Proof of Personhood, etc.) have been introduced to address these issues, there may still be scenarios in which decision-making authority should be allocated differently based on each member’s contributions.

In these situations, Web3 reputation data can be used to transparently and objectively measure individual achievements within the community, providing a basis to reward or grant authority in proportion to each member’s level of contribution.

2.4 Enhancing Educational Motivation

Traditionally, schools and universities issued paper-based certificates to verify academic achievements. The introduction of digital certificates has made managing and sharing these credentials more efficient through electronic systems. Once degrees or proofs of completion are stored in digital form, students can easily access and share them, and companies or other educational institutions can verify them with minimal effort. Nowadays, digital certificates are not limited to academic qualifications; they also cover specific skills, competencies, or experiences, which has greatly contributed to improving accessibility in education.

Credential solutions make it possible for these certifications to be represented more comprehensively under a single identity and to be employed more broadly. Moreover, in on-chain environments, token-based incentive structures can be actively utilized—by linking credential systems to reward mechanisms, learners can be motivated to study or to produce and discuss content, contributing to a more transparent and equitable educational framework.

2.5 Gaming / Metaverse

Because existing games have mostly been developed in siloed environments, their respective worlds have not been interconnected. Consequently, heavy players in a given game have been unable to transfer to other games the reputation or achievements they’ve amassed—such as in-game performance, skills, or collaboration abilities. However, in a blockchain-powered, interconnected Web3 ecosystem, if a player’s in-game activities can be stored and verified, that player could carry over their data and maintain the same reputation when moving between games or even into metaverse platforms.

This can encourage users to play a wider variety of games, while also playing a significant role in enhancing interactions between different players.

2.6 Collaboration and Hiring

Web3 credential solutions stored on the blockchain offer a trustworthy and transparent means of demonstrating individual abilities and expertise. This can streamline teamwork and hiring processes by enabling more effective displays of individual skills, making it easier to find and place talent with the right capabilities.

Additionally, it can simplify hiring procedures and indirectly encourage continuous skill development, thereby improving the overall competence of teams across various collaborative environments.

3. Representative Web3 Reputation Projects

Below is a diagram projecting some of today’s noteworthy Web3 reputation solutions from the perspectives of their potential use cases and usability, according to two independent dimensions: Scope of Application and Composability.

Scope of Application

• The potential scope of reputation is extremely broad, ranging from personal social media and e-commerce activities to recruitment, finance, and even governmental administration. Whether a particular reputation metric is meaningful depends largely on the context in which it’s applied.
• As such, we can classify solutions on a spectrum of “Universal,” which can be employed across a wide variety of use cases, to “Contextual,” which target narrower, domain-specific use cases.

Composability

• Reputation structures vary depending on their use cases and contexts. Some solutions provide a more rigid or “Limited” format with predefined frameworks for constructing reputation, while others offer “Flexible” formats that can be customized for different needs.

3.1 Yaps (by Kaito)

Source: yaps.kaito.ai/

Yaps is a reputation analysis tool developed by Kaito that provides a “mindshare score” (Yap points) to measure how much influence a user exerts within an online community. This allows for a clear and immediate understanding of who is receiving the most attention within a specific domain or conversation space. While Yaps currently focuses on Twitter (X) activity, it is set to expand to additional social platforms in the future.

Source: yaps.kaito.ai/

At present, the Yaps system highlights individuals in Web3 with significant mindshare for each project, enabling projects to strategically leverage this leaderboard for various marketing initiatives. Users can participate in voting to determine which projects will be featured on future leaderboards through their Yaps, Kaito Genesis NFTs, and staked $KAITO.

The utilities of Yaps points, Kaito Genesis NFTs, and $KAITO are expected to expand further in the future.

3.2 Ethos

Source: Ethos

Ethos Network is a blockchain-based reputation system designed to build a trust-based economy in the Web3 ecosystem. It analyzes on-chain and off-chain user data to assess trustworthiness, which it then provides as a “Credibility Score” that can be used similarly to a credit score. This score is recorded on the blockchain for anyone to verify, and through mechanisms like user reviews, staking (as endorsements), and slashing (as penalties), it effectively distinguishes trustworthy individuals from those to avoid. This ensures reliability and accountability, even in the pseudonymous Web3 environment, incentivizing ethical behavior and community engagement while fostering a safer, more transparent environment for collaboration.

Source: Ethos

Leveraging this trust system, Ethos Market is a trust-based P2P marketplace allowing participants’ Credibility Scores to serve as trust signals or collateral for transactions. Users can utilize their trustworthiness as “proof of trust” to engage in trading or collaboration, automatically filtering out users with low trust scores and mitigating fraud and malicious behavior.

Additionally, it introduces a unique “reputation market” concept, enabling users to buy or sell an individual’s trustworthiness. Those with higher trust scores receive better transaction terms, while malicious actors face both monetary losses and a decline in their trust scores. This system is designed to nurture a sustainable Web3 economy centered on trust.

Ultimately, Ethos Network and Ethos Market aim to transform trust into a core asset in Web3 and directly tie it to economic interactions and collaborations, thereby establishing a safer and more cooperative decentralized ecosystem - Ethos Network records and quantifies trust, whereas Ethos Market applies it to real-world economic activities. Together, they strengthen accountability and reliability in the Web3 space.

3.3 Galxe

Source : Galxe Docs

Galxe is an open, Web3 credential data network. Developers can freely access resources on Galaxy Space—such as its application modules, credential Oracle engine, and credential API—to create or manage their own campaigns, or to build customized services and credentials. These credentials can be based on various forms of on-chain user data from different protocols, as well as off-chain data from channels like Discord, Twitter, and Snapshot.

Source : Galxe

For users, a Web3 reputation score (i.e., the Galxe Web3 Score) is calculated based on their activity and achievements across projects integrated with Galxe. This score can serve as a way to bolster their identity when claiming certain rewards and to streamline future interactions.

3.4 POAP

Source : POAP

POAP (Proof of Attendance Protocol) was initially introduced at the 2019 ETHDenver hackathon. It is an ERC-721-based digital badge that anyone can issue free of charge.

POAP is mainly used as a proof of attendance for various community activities, as a marker for airdrops, as a digital ticket, or as an access credential to certain services. It is also extensively employed by brands and influencers in diverse ways to represent contributions and engagement.

3.5 Orange Protocol

Source : Orange Protocol Docs

Orange Protocol was introduced as a solution to the question: “Is there a way to create and hold truly necessary, more universally usable reputation credentials, beyond the formats established by existing solutions?”

By aggregating all on-chain and off-chain data from various protocols, NFT projects, DAOs, and social media platforms, Orange Protocol allows users to create their own unique reputation credentials - in designing and providing data schemas, the party responsible is known as the Data Provider (DP), while the party creating the reputation model is called the Model Provider (MP). Any data sets or model sets produced by a DP or MP can be selectively made public or kept private.

Source : Reputation Studio

In practice, Web3 users or DApp builders are the ones who utilize Orange Protocol. Via the Orange Reputation Studio, they can configure custom reputation reports or make use of Orange Protocol’s SDK/API to develop tailored services based on various credentials (e.g., governance voting via reputation NFTs, or holistic credit evaluations for lending protocols).

3.6 Human Passport (previously Gitcoin Passport)

Source : Human Passport

Introduced in November 2017 to support open-source software development, Gitcoin allocates funding to individual projects using Quadratic Voting, ensuring that projects supported by a larger number of people—rather than those simply with the largest token holdings—receive more funds from the matching pool. However, such an approach is vulnerable to Sybil attacks, wherein donations are split across multiple addresses to artificially boost matching allocations.

To address this issue, Gitcoin has continually explored methods for identifying unique users, eventually launching Passport. Human Passport integrates various Web2 and Web3 credentials, known as “Stamps,” to compute each account’s Humanity Score. A higher Humanity Score indicates a higher likelihood that the account in question is operated primarily by a real individual.

3.7 Sismo

Source : Sismo Docs

Sismo employs zero-knowledge proofs and privacy-preserving technologies so that users can aggregate their identity data and reveal it selectively to applications - data sources may range from on-chain sources such as Ethereum wallets to off-chain sources like Twitter or Telegram, with each piece of data generating a separate ZK proof that is shared with relevant applications.

Sismo’s first application, Sismo Connect, is an SSO (Single-Sign-On) system. When developers integrate Sismo Connect, they can request all user data privately aggregated into a Data Vault. In other words, through Sismo Connect, projects can form customer groups without directly intruding on personal data and deliver customized services accordingly.

All applications built using Sismo Connect can be found on the Sismo App Store.

4. Closing Thoughts

The data generated on blockchain networks is becoming more and more valuable, and technologies for data indexing and analysis will grow increasingly crucial for managing this data effectively.

From this standpoint, on-chain reputation solutions should not only be seen as tools to bolster individual identity but also as refined markers that countless projects can reference—underscoring their virtually unlimited potential.

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